Jimmy Emmons on Building a Team for Soil Health and Water Management

0:08 All right, you know it's always kind of interesting. Steve mentioned this morning that the best is for last and I was when he said that I thought I'm in the middle, but then it dawned on me it's only the first day so I'm really not in the middle. Sometimes the best laid plans don't work out just like we think and it's a great thing to be here and love sharing things with everybody.

0:43 One of the first things that a few years ago I was at that plateau we heard about that earlier this morning and very frustrating when you bump against the wall you can't get through. So I decided if I was going to do this I didn't feel comfortable doing it by myself so I need a team. Thinking in my mind the team's bound to be better than me so I started developing the team. I thought well you know I could be a demo farm so the next day I was getting a pickup worked on. I was at the Chevrolet house and I had a new demonstrator Camaro and well I kind of like that so my nickname in high school was crash.

1:35 Speed's not always your friend but anyhow I said hey what about the demo, can I take that out? I'm thinking about a project. He said sure. So he said but I need to go with you. I said fine. So we get out on the road and I just let that baby rip and he's over there hanging on. He said what the hell you doing? I said what, it's a demo. You say it'll go 0 to 85 in so many seconds. How do I know just because what you said? So that's what I want to do with my farm.

2:12 Everybody talks about how much water we're going to use growing a cover crop. Now I'm not going to sit up here and say we're not going to use no water but I think you'll be surprised at some of the results we're seeing. So instead of me saying well you know I'm planting cover crop and it doesn't use any water and it's neutral and so we want to prove that and it's all about the future, the next generation.

2:43 This is my little three-year-old grandson. He's eat up with agricultural. My son probably can run a front end loader and equipment as good as I can or better than I can but he didn't care about ag. He loves the cattle. He hated the farming so he's in the medical field essentially because my dad had cancer. They missed his radiation a little too much, got radiation poisoning. Didn't turn out very good. My son said I want to do that.

3:27 It's great but Owen's the next generation and it's very rewarding that he's eat up. We're looking at residue here in this shot you know and that's what we got to fix. We do a bad job in agriculture promoting our generation, the next generation. We want to do like boys. We're going to shove them off to the medical field or lawyer or make television movies where the big bucks are at. So I think as a whole we do a terrible job at that and so I want to

3:59 Try to share that and we're going to this year we're going to implement some youth tours instead of having you guys come learn about soil health I want to get the Next Generation involved so as I started putting the team together I thought through this really hard this is the first or second field day we had I want you to look here's some of my partners not all of them some of them are here today NRCS USDA Steve state soil scientist Gary O'Neal State conservation has really been a big help my local DC we were just talking about back in the back a minute ago great DC but he's he's really kind of private and kind of quiet doesn't like to talk he if if you shoved him up here he would be like a post.

4:52 This was four years ago now he wants to talk about soil health he comes to my place every two weeks every photograph you see today probably 90% of them Paul took great partner also OACD conservation districts commission John Deere Western Equipment and everybody asked me said John Deere why why would they be your partner well what's the deal I said they got great water sensing probes temperature probes. No it's a great program it's worked very well for us but they're also a big supporter in the soil health initiative the one here on the Left Bank S you know who that is that's my banker and we all know today you better involve the banker you know what the neatest thing about Bank seven is now guess who's growing cover crops Banker Frank.

6:01 So when I go in and say I'm going to plant 1,500 acres of cover crops this year and I'm going to need X Frank says no problem can you order mine too and we talk about what we done wrong Keith asked me he said don't always talk about the good things Steve had me plant some out of the window wrong time we thought it would work total disaster did we learn yeah we learn it's a great thing but Partners is really a good thing.

6:39 Next set of slides here I really want you to focus on this bare piece of dirt now you can see here in the background here's John Deer in their probe this is a temperature probe here back behind K our Conservation District secretary here is another temperature probe there's another soil scientist help pull the cores that you're going to see Troy here in a little bit this is a field day we had this was in a field that was disaster out wheat in the big drought and I mean the big drought I really understand what Granddad talked about in the 30s because that year we only had like nine inches you see we disaster the wheat out the first little shower we got a plant the cover crop and this year that year that was about a nine-way blend but here we are I think this was July 8th and we're burning up but this Square was kind of an afterthought because I bought these probes mainly for my irrigated land to really track my water and and the best use of my water where it was in the profile and and I told John Deere I said we're doing this cover crop thing how about putting it on some of these dry line spots and

8:05 He said well it's really not designed for that. Really it tracks moisture and temperature. Yeah, he said that we'll make that work. So we done this, but when I was putting it in I thought holy crap I missed it because really what I need is a check spot.

8:25 Me and my, I got two young boys that work for me. They're 22. I think it's pretty young. We got some hoes and rakes and we come out here and we cut that cover crop off right after we planted it to represent a no-till strip, but it really wasn't a strip. It was about the size of a pickup. This is in the spring.

8:49 This is another partner, Jim. Where are you at? Jim Johnston. He was at her field day in July when we had that. He came out in the spring and now we're still dry and this wheat looks terrible. I think it looks terrible.

9:04 It was, and we walked out in this field and I never said nothing to Jim and immediately he said what's that? He said that's that spot. I said yeah. He said what's going on there? I said I don't know. Haven't treated it no different. The only difference is a cover crop. Same wheat, same start fertilizer. We did plow one.

9:28 One of my neighbors said well, did it rain different there? And I said oh yeah, this localized event went around that twelve by twelve spot. Remember this won't work. So immediately Jim said well, there's something going on and he just so happened he had his soil test probe with him.

9:48 He goes to the pickup, he gets it, he comes out and he pushes down and he said well, you got a restriction. No, Jim, I don't. I know this farm. Yeah, Jimmy, there is. He pulled it out. He turned it upside down. He said it's dry dirt. Really? Well, it was.

10:13 He walked outside of that square. How many times did you probe down, Jim? Three, four, five? Several. No dry dirt all the way in. Immediately he said let's get NRCS come out and pull some cores. This is a little bit later.

10:30 Still see that spot right there. That's another thing I've learned: always take the picture from the same location. You know, I'm not an expert in this. I'm just so excited I can still see this spot. Now the wheat looks better than it did a little bit ago but still not very good.

10:50 So we're looking at the probes now. This is a soil moisture and you'll see over here at the beginning we're even money, that and we're at 6.15 and maybe a tenth or two over of moisture. As the cover crop starts developing, look at the separation. It's evaporation.

11:16 It's so easy to see water when it's raining and it's so dang hard to see it going up. Now everybody asked me about this here little check. What that is? That's a rain event. It rained, if you look, about a quarter inch, but the key there is even though it rained a quarter inch, did them lines come together? No, because we were a quarter inch short already. So we're still at a deficit.

11:46 Now here's the temperature and you can see over here the air temperature is the blue the

11:51 Middle is the stubble and the green's a cover crop, but what we notice is when we get above 100 degrees, we really start seeing a big significance in temperature. Easily, I've done this four years now, easily it's 20, 25 degrees a day if you got a good cover versus wheat stubble or bare ground, whatever you want to call stubble. Helps a little and you can look at a stubble field and say, man, I've got great stubble out there, good protection. Get you a drone, fly over that and look straight down, and there's dirt everywhere. It's not as good protection as you think.

12:34 Now this is the core we pulled out inside the bare ground. See the line right there? And that's what Jim was hitting that day at 16. And this is the wheat inside that bare spot. Boy, doesn't that look like a winter? Now this is outside. See the line right there? And we're doing this again this year and we're trying to do a better job. That's a tape measure on there, of course, that backfired—you can't see—but it was at 33 inches when we hit dry dirt. The only difference in this field is a cover crop and it wasn't a localized rain event either. Neighbor still thinks it's funny.

13:25 This is the wheat where the cover crop was. You can see some residue still on the ground, but now remember, and I done this talk in New Mexico and their big concern out there was we only get 12, 14 inches. I said, well, I've been there, done that, less than that. That cover crop literally never got more than this tall and burned. I had trouble killing it because it was so stressed out. Still see that spot right there.

14:00 Now the whole field made 32 bushel that year. God was very good to us. We got a little rain in the spring, but that spot still looked terrible. And all my neighbors' wheat—and I can say God bless my neighbors and they're not here—I looked around, their wheat looked just like that square.

14:22 Now my local dealer and I done a very scientific thing that day. He said, how are we going to look at the heads? I said, I don't know what you got in mind. And he said, won't you walk out in the square, close your eyes and reach down and grab a head? And then do that three times and I'll do the same outside? And every time we've done that, this is what we found.

14:50 Now everybody's wanting to know right here is the tattletail. We took them cores back to the lab, Troy dried, weighed them and dried them out. Cover crop, bare dirt: three inches more water. It rained nine that year. I had a third of it more where the cover crop was.

15:23 Wow. Now you know, that was the first year we done that. This year, what we're doing is I left out a 30-foot strip completely through the field, didn't even plant. You can see the wheat stubble there. Now we're pulling cores three times this year instead of once. Now this year was an exceptionally good year in.

15:46 Oklahoma and we made lots and lots of forage on this with a 14-way blend that you see here. So a lot of my friends and neighbors are saying if I'm going to spend 20, 2030 an acre for cover crop seed, how am I going to get that back? Everybody's worried. How many of you are worried about the cost? And how many is worried about how do I recover the cost? Okay, I'm going to talk about that in the next segment.

16:15 So we graze this, but now here's what we found. If I graze that instead of killing it at 45 or 50 days, we let that go over longer and some of went to start reproductive mode. The first cores that we've done pulled, and I don't have them all the data yet, we're just building that. We're 3 in behind because we let it grow longer and grazed it, and you'll see in a minute the results of that grazing that I think you'll like it. But I'm telling you there's different ways to look at how much moisture you're using.

16:56 If you're just going to go a cover crop, keep it from evaporating, keep it from oring, trying to infiltrate water, and kill it in 45 or 50 days, you're not going to use much water. You let that go much longer than that and graze it and take some money and some pretty good money. Nothing in this world is free. You're going to use a little bit more water. Keep that in mind. But now I will tell you that we're seeing through 3 in deficit now. We're infiltrating more, and I think by time we get around to next spring when we pull them cores, we're going to be back where we was. We're going to be ahead because we captured a lot more. But once again, that's only Jimmy thinking, and I'll prove that right or wrong a little bit later.

17:50 So that's kind of the first segment of what we're doing in the demo. I've got lots of things going on, and I thank every. I got a friend says, do you wake up in the middle of the night thinking what you going to do next? And I said sometimes I can't sleep because I'm excited, especially when I come home from places like this.

18:13 The next thing we're working on is I have a canola in my rotation. I have had canola in my rotation. The drought's been very hard on canola. First of all getting it planted and getting it survive. Now I'm no telling, and that creates a bigger problem. Some of my neighbors and friends, they want to burn their residue to plan it. I'm not doing that. I've seen stuff blow away, and it works, but not for me. I bought a vertical tillage disc one year to try to make this work. I've traded that off. I don't have that no more. It worked. I got canola in, but the sacrifice was greater than the reward.

19:03 It's just like I was telling my neighbor. We were talking the other day at the bank, and he was an older gentleman. He's 89. Tornado came through Le in 1947 was devastating, and I said, you know, that's just like plowing. And he said, what, what are you talking about, Jimmy? I said, tell me the events that happen in lead when.

19:28 The tornado went. He said, 'Well, it come through it devastated the north half of town, blew everything away, killed some people.' He said, 'It we spent the next four months gathering debris up, reorganizing before we could even start building.' I said, 'That's what I'm talking about. The earthworms and the microbes are just like a town. Streets, water pipes, electricity, all the byways and pathways they have. And when you plow, it's like a tornado coming through. And so they spend the next several months rebuilding their structure.' The only thing is we have a tornado come through three or four times a year for them. And every time we kill some. And he said, 'You know, I've never thought of that way.' I said, 'More people need to think of it.'

20:28 So we decided here's some wheat stubble. I can say it. It was the same year short wheat stubble, but still too much to no till canola in probably and have good success. So we want to plant an all broadleaf cover crop. Why all broadleaf? Because they're high in sugar. We're going to—I like to get back at my son B. Once in a while when Owen gets ready to go home, a big Hershey candy bar and a Dr Pepper on the way home dries my son crazy because Owen is so wired up. The same way with microbes: you feed them the sugar, they go nuts. And when they go nuts, they eat more. So they will consume the residue. So we've been trying that. This is a few weeks later. We had nine broadleaves in there, anywhere from sugar beets to sunflowers to two or three kinds of beans and peas. Lots of legumes.

21:42 This is a little bit later. Once again, we're still in the drought. You see all these leaves rolled up. Now this group that's here, these are Australians. Now, are some of my best friends. They live in a small town in Western Australia called Esperence, which is not far from Perth. It's only about that far on their map. The reason they came to our farm is they live in a 15-inch rainfall, and they raised 60 bushel wheat, and they want to grow 80 or 90. And I'm still trying to figure out how they grow 60 bushels on that, but it does rain timely there. But they want to introduce cover crops. And like most of us have been, are they don't know how that's going to work because of the water. They don't have any extra. So they were here that year. And like I said, we're really good friends. Some of them are now trying some cover crops.

22:43 Well, I double click that fall. It was so dry we couldn't plant wheat. I mean, couldn't plant canola. So I planted wheat a little bit later. Now, one of the reason it's always, and we had a question earlier about landlords and tenants. How I got this farm was about 20 years ago when I was younger and quite a bit smaller. I stopped by this lady's house, and she was in her 70s. And I said, 'If you ever decide to change tenants, I would be interested. I'm not here to rent your farm today. I just want let you know I'm a half mile up the—'

23:30 About 8 years later her son came to me, she was in the nursing home. He said we just discovered that our tenants been stealing from us. We had on crop share. Mother said you ask her, we want the rent to you but we don't want you to grow any feed Milo. They had a list of things they thought were hard on the soil.

23:59 So I thought I can't plant Millet cover crop. I'll use all broad leaf. We'll try that project but Jimmy just didn't get the drill quite cleaned out and there is just a little bit of millet in there because I want to make a point. You can see if you could zoom in on that, very little wheat left. It devoured residue. The system will work but why you always want to have that carbon and nitrogen ratio balanced is you want to feed them microbes through the year.

24:42 I tell a lot of people they're like my cows. I can dump out three pounds of cake a day if I'm caking them and they'll eat that, or I can have the switch hang and I can dump out 6 or 8 lbs in a pile and they'll eat that, or if I trip and fall with a sack of cake and dump out 50 lbs they'll eat that. The same way with microbes and earthworms. If it's there they're going to eat it and if you knock it down where they can get to it they'll eat it. So it's always nice to have something standing up out there to feed later but you can see all them broad leaf there, just a few little sticks sticking up, very little on the ground. We don't want to do this very often because we're sacrificing to do that but for the rotation sometimes we'll do that.

25:33 All right, this is harvest time now. All our plots we put in ramp strips in them because we're also trying to prove what we've been talking about earlier today about fertilization but I also I grid all my land so and so test every two years so I know where I'm at. This particular plot showed we need no top dress and OSU is another partner with us, Jason Warren come out. We run the green seeker and he said well probably don't need it because the greenseker doesn't show it. Sure enough it didn't but now across the road the same level field there, Highway splits this, the soil test still call for quite a bit of nitrogen.

26:24 So I want to do that because that's what we've been taught and we're not got that project over so I spent $40 an acre to top dress that wheat. When we harvest that wheat and I got yield monitors on the combines and then when I haul it to the elevator each field's weighed separately so I know this field right here made 54 bushels. I only had a 9 lb of nitrogen in the starter fertilizer and some phosphorus and some microbe mix starter and that was it. Across the road same starter fertilizer, $40 a top dress, I made 53 bushels.

27:10 Now does that answer y'all's question, how a cover crop, how can I get some of that money back? I spent 20, you want to figure some drilling in there, maybe another 10. I made 10, made actually one more bushel of wheat. So at that time it was more than 4:30 now.

31:41 The chairman was kind of afraid to ask. She said, explain to me why we're going to do this? And I said, we're all about building organic matter, we're all about building health, and you're always on me to get more money to the bank. I think we can accomplish that. And she actually broke the tie and we tried it. This is what we done.

32:14 I had another partner with the NRCS grazing land specialist Denise Turner came down and helped me decide the first year because I didn't know how to do this. What to do, her and Paul measured, we had nearly 7,000 lb of forage out there. We only want to take about 25% of that because I'm still trying to build this farm up.

32:36 Now I am a calf guy. We run right now we got about 280 cows we're growing back. So I want to put some cow-calf pairs out there because of all the fields I've got, I've got cows nearly beside them all, so it's real easy to turn them in. But the stalker side of me won some calves. So we wean some calves. Kevin calves and they weighed 663. The calves on the cows weighed 536. We knew how much total weight we had and we decided on 11-acre paddocks, stock density. Because remember, I'm trying to build this farm up. This farm I had no-till wheat on for five years continuous. It was in alfalfa nine years, so I'd haul off everything. I won't do that again. I'll still raise some alfalfa but I won't keep it in that long.

33:34 We're going to move them every three days, maybe four, because the paddocks kind of change a little bit. We're going to watch that. But look how good we were. I tell Paul and Denise, say I can't believe we got—we only used 22%. We want to use 25%. Wow, that's pretty good. I kind of bragged on her. He said, well, it comes down to math. You must have been pretty close to what your cows weighed. We know what your calves weighed. Here's what we found out: in 39 days we had 60 acres here, the 42 headed calves and what we done, Steve helped me with this. He looked at Oklahoma City's National Stockyards. We picked that price when we put them in there at $1.97. Come out we figured a $190. We moved in calves for $101 and some change. That's the weaning calves. The cow calves, look at this, they moved $23. They gain 2.9 pounds a day. The stalkers gain two, which is good. I mean, I'm happy in an August-September timeframe. My stalkers are gaining two pounds.

34:49 My neighbor immediately said that's wrong. There's no way 2.9. I said, okay, you're probably right. I found if I argue with them, I lose every time. And I said, so a cow's milk, what do you think that's worth? I don't know, probably a pound, huh? You add a pound to that stalker weight. He said, I'll be darn, that's right. So when you figure that all up, it's $115 an acre in 39 days. Investment of $20 seed, $10 worth of drilling. We got to where we're pretty good putting poly fence up now too.

35:40 Been doing it two years, three years, we can do that pretty quick. We can put out a quarter mile and pick one up in 15-20 minutes, move the water over. That's a good way to get some of your money back, but you're also going to use some water doing that. But you're going to really improve your soil health. You're going to put some manure back in the ground, you're going to trample some of that down, but you're still going to leave some standing up.

36:07 This picture here, my father-in-law just had his 76th birthday. Jack's always been a clean teal farmer, the cleaner the better. Raised cotton, cotton, cotton, cotton. My granddad was big cotton guy. I kind of like cotton. We don't raise cotton anymore, but I still like it. I'm planting wheat here. This is back on the north side of that same field, in the first paddock. Now, because we only took 25%, that stuff really regrew back because it took us nearly a month to get through. So I'm drilling there and he's coming after a load of seed wheat. And he said, 'What are you doing? You pulling a drill out?' And he said, 'What are you doing?' I said, 'I'm planting wheat.' I wish you guys could see my father-in-law's look when they talk about that commercial. It's priceless. And now I'm the number one son-in-law in the family. There's two daughters, so rule that out. I still got opposition. The only thing is my wife's sister is in between number five and number six, so I'm still number one, but it was in jeopardy this day.

37:21 Now this next set of pictures, this is Paul. Most of my neighbors drive by, drive down this road 40, 50, 60 miles an hour, and this is what they see. And that's what Jack saw that day. But what Paul has learned to do, taking pictures, is this: he's looking straight ahead and he come down about 30%, he hasn't moved, took this picture. And then he took this picture, never moved. This is what we're drilling into. You see the wheat's coming up there. Now, a lot of my friends like rolling their material down, and that's a great thing if that works for you. I really like this because I don't have to cut through all that. Now, I will. I laid some down this year just to try in the demo. I've got a quarter of that.

38:17 But here, a few weeks ago, we had a heck of a snowstorm. Well, we've had two now. I was telling some guys at the hotel last night: we got wind, blew 50 mph when it snowed, we had about 8 or 10 inches of snow. And lo and behold, one of my neighbors—can anybody guess what one of my neighbors said? He said, 'You know, it didn't snow much at your place.' He said, 'Every—I've lived on this farm for 35 years, a different farm than we were looking at a while ago. The roads always been blocked from our wheat fields. The roads recessed in the ground a little bit. You could see dry dirt in the road.' He said, 'Yeah, heck, over there at my place it's this deep.' I said, 'Yeah, it must have not snowed.'

39:15 There at my place because where was all my snow and where's all my water. And also the same day he was asking me about that, you know what he was doing. He had two bales of hay on his pickup going to feed his cows on wheat pasture, some dry dry hay. These cows never had any hay right there.

39:46 This is where we put some electric fence. This is another thing that we were experimenting with, and there's three things that really proved to us about organic matter leaving residue standing up. Not only are we slowly feeding organisms here when we shred that and put the electric fence down through there, it's all gone already. They are devouring that material. They're going to be out of something to eat here long before they're out of something to eat over here. But also them strips that run north and south, you know where that snow went down there, that's going to be dryer. We're pulling cores we'll know. So you got to be careful everything. It's like we said this morning, everything you do above the ground affects things below the ground.

40:46 When we talk about impact, we've seen that over here this morning with the rain simulator. And my friend North Dakota Jay loves to use the word armor. When you get a 5, 6, 7 inch rain, look at the sponge here. That's the same feel. Look at all the stuff that we're feeding organisms in the soil.

41:10 When Jay was here last spring, we made the rounds around the state. We had this, and this is the same field. This is two samples that we dug up of wheat that spring, and Jay asked me to start with. He said well, you see there. I said my gosh, look at the root mass. Of course the top will match the bottom pretty well. Just look at all. He said no, that's not that's not what I'm talking about. I looked again. Well, this is shorter, you know, and the soil is more compacted. This has been in cover crops two years. This is no cover crops. He said that's not it. Look at the color. I was looking at all the time. It's carbon. Just in a short period of time, that's what we're doing.

42:06 This is the field. This is South Canadian River right here. This is that road. Now this part of the farm, this is in 2014. Now I was tracking organic matter before then, but we gridded that year. So now we grid the same spot so we can track exactly. My granddad used to never farm this because this is a sand deposit from the river years ago. This is pretty tight land right down in here, but he never farmed that because it'd blow away. We farm it all now, and this is under pivot. You can see the pivot line. And like I said, I don't know why that's had a little glitch there.

42:48 The organic matter in the red was 4/10 in 2014, 4.2 to 4.8. I want you to look here. 65% of my acres in 2014 in that field was less than 1%. Two years later, 13.3%. Nearly 14% is less. 86% now is almost 2%. We doubled the field in organic.

43:15 Matter in two years and we saw this morning doctor talked about that a little bit ago. Dr. Williams, look how much more nutrients I have in that soil by doubling it another percent of organic matter. Look how much more water we can hold in two years.

43:37 Now I like to ask the crowd this question: what do you see in this picture? This is my interactive part. Anybody got an idea? Well, we see my grandson and he's telling his Popa what to do. I'm sure we see the hills in the background. We got some water, but look at all the armor, and I'm like Jay, that's not what I really want to get out of this picture. To me it's black and white what we have to do for the future: we have to store carbon in the soil.

44:14 One of the neat things you commented on a while ago, one of my new landlords, she was 80, she'd be 86 this year. I went to school with her daughter, didn't work out to marry Ginger, anyhow, but they have a huge tract of land in the middle of where I'm at. Her husband, her son passed away with cancer. Her husband passed away with cancer. The daughter and her husband moved away 35 years ago when they graduated high school, and he went to work for Exxon Mobile.

44:50 So I started talking to him about cover crops and explaining about storing carbon. He said I get it, really. He said we track it all the time. He said you're doing exactly what we want everybody to do. I wish I had all my landlords like that, so we're putting cover crops on their place, but it's black and white what we got to do, kind of depends on how you look at it.

45:28 I like that quote: I see lots of potential in everything. You know, I like to kick in the box completely out of the blue. Cow, she likes to travel with me, but the point I wanted to make here was diversity. Everybody, lots, not everybody, but a lot of people asked me: how do you decide what to plant in your cover crop mix? And that's a big, tough question because we try to figure out what our cash crops following are. If we need more nitrogen, more legumes, we need or organic matter, more grasses, but we always like to get out of the box a little bit.

46:07 Some kale and some forage collards here, this was in November. Now, them cattle, we took off that first test. We didn't sell them, then we moved them to another field. We grazed it, and lo and behold, when the canopy started going away and we got a little frost, the grass all died. The collards come alive, and we made a lot of unexpected pasture very quick. You can see the size of the leaves there, and you can see there's some wheat coming up. I left that field, we grazed it a while, and I left it, and we're going to mill this spring.

46:47 You know, I don't know near all of it. I mean, we're just trying to learn, trying to go at an extreme rate. We know what we got to do. It'll work, it works, it works everywhere. I've got friends in eastern Houston that want to plant a cover crop to get rid of water. I'm trying to conserve water. It'll work.

47:09 You, I like the three C's, and I don't want to mess this up, so I always have my handy dandy phone. You got to make a choice. If you want to take a chance to make a change.