No-Till Seeding Equipment: Settings and Adjustments for Cover Crops

0:00 Thank you Keith. He's been working there for years, started in 1981 as a full-time engineer at the university. My master's thesis is on planner performance of different tillage systems.

0:21 Keith asked me to speak about planners. I have a nice presentation that's about an hour long, but we need air seeder drills like as well. I have another one about an hour long on how it relates to cover crops. I'm going to be speeding through this really fast, mostly on the air cedar drills and cover crop side of things. Planters not so much. Just some of the things I've learned across the years with cover crop considerations as well.

0:50 I've been working with no-till since 1978 from my master's thesis. I have continuous plots going since about 2005. So I'm going to share some experiences. I have a lot of slides here. I took many pictures myself and did the observations, but a lot are from people like yourselves and what they've learned. Some are from write-ups and the program, and some show world travels demonstrating what other people are doing. But with the whole concept in mind, how are you going to get your cover crops up and going?

1:28 When I first started working with planners, everybody thought that a no-till planter was just taking a conventional planter and putting a colder in front of it to make it no-till. When you actually think about it, think about four main things. First is cut or handle residue. Second is penetrate soil and get seed to desired depth. Third is establish seed to soil contact. And fourth is separate from closing the seed bed. Some planters do both together, some have separate steps. You might ask about fertilizer, insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, but if you fail on these four, it doesn't matter.

2:11 It's the old twelve sixty runner planter. That runner couldn't cut the first sticky residue. We put a colder out in front. The colder cuts the residue and tills to loosen the soil, and we call it a no-till attachment. I said the word till—to loosen soil—we put tillage back in the system. The early colders are four inches wide, but this is only two inches wide. We realized we don't need them. The discs are getting down there, or better yet, industry has given us no-till without the tillage.

2:38 The second step is penetrating soil and getting the seed to desired depth. That lightweight runner planter couldn't penetrate firm soil. Again, till to loosen the soil. The colder lips go back to tillage. It's not full-width, but with loosened soil, I could get the seed in. So yes, I can close the seed bed. A lot of people thought this was no-till, but in my opinion, when you start looking across no-till equipment, if you've got a colder on there, it means it's not been designed as a no-till cedar.

2:59 We aren't using colders anymore. We're letting the double disc opener do the work for us now. When I first started in educational programs in 1981, the Buffalo planter was out there. Everybody says you're going to make you buy a Buffalo no-till planter. I said no, I'm going to teach you about the concepts of no-till. The Buffalo planter has a runner and a little slot shoe underneath. That little runner couldn't cut the first sticky residue, so they put a smooth straight residue cutting colder up front, not a wavy tillage colder.

3:34 When you start evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a piece of seeding equipment, whether it be a planter, drill, or air seeder, think about how to fix the problem. Can't cut the residue? Put a colder in front. We cut the residues, not till. It's just doing cutting. Penetrates soil as desired—that shoe actually had some suction to it. It sucked itself down into the soil. Contact was low pressure, but we were right on top of the seed. Some closing wheels or closing discs behind to close the seed bed. All the steps are right there. A lot of people cussed that Buffalo planter because it wasn't as easy to adjust and had problems with user friendliness, but it was a heck of a planter.

4:14 The runners and slots are gone. Arrow has gone to double disc openers. The double disc opener is sharper than any colder I found on the market. If you think you need a colder to cut residue, you're not giving the discs the credit they deserve. Double disc openers show two inches of blade contact. The older John Deere's with thinner steel had two to two and a half inches of blade contact with thicker blades. That should have more blade contact. That's right at the residue layer at the soil surface, not at the bottom of the seed bed. It's up front cutting your residue. Make sure those discs are sharp and working together to cut and handle that residue. That's my no-till attachment—the double disc opener.

4:51 Now I talked about those other steps on my planter. Let me switch gears a little bit and talk more about drills and air seeders with those other steps. Some companies go standard with one in front of the other. They say the first one acts as a colder and the second one opens up the seed bed. We see it here in the John Deere planter, Glencoe planter, now Case IH has it. Some drills have it. You know, which is better? Some companies say a single disc is all you need. It's basically all marketing and sales pitch. I've got some guys who swear by the side-by-side, some swear by the singles, some swear by the one in front of the other. It just depends where you're at, what conditions you're in. I can make them all work basically anywhere. That one disc in front of the other, Case International early riser design—that's the planter we're on on our research farm since 1981 and it's still running. I love it.

5:37 It comes to no-till now one reason I love it though is a central seed hopper or research plots I put my seed in the drum itself plant a plot dump seed up put another one on the driver plants the next plot I can do a hundred plots in an afternoon.

5:50 If I'm cleaning out individual rows you better have a person for each row and you're still going to have challenge get pots done but again that planter is designed and sold as a no-till planter for an international Montana kabob the company tentacles sold oil products based tractors they didn't push the word no-till is hard I'm convinced any planner can be the no-till planter when you pay attention you steps the planters can because there are say a 15-foot planter like I have there's only six rows now let's take a 15 foot drilled seven half-inch basic 24 rows four times mini who'll out there will it pay for X for your planner ears or a driller near Cedars at our planet that's why we've got compromises again we think about those steps.

6:39 Now when it comes to the steps and I showed you I there in wheat stubble I got a conventional platform head here's a friend of mine Mark Watson neighbors over here platon into stripper head harvested wheat stubble basic old Johnny R max emerge attachments you'd be amazed how much the planners can go through you have to pay a change those steps in the 80s I had a programmer I worked with about 50 farmers a year like stake you your equipment your management your soil and you do whatever you're doing like try no-till 50 farmers a year for five years I saw a lot of white for anything to learned a lot from people like yourselves this is one of the farmers back in about 84 85 john deere max emerge 7000 no attachments looks beautiful one of the first things I learned though was it's much more than the equipment engineer I thought was equipment no its management of the weed control of fertility the soil life the soil biology the residue management yeah this whole life so biology came later in my career at this time area is learning about weed control early pre-plant herbicides rain d inactivated we plant in weed free environments roundup that time is only $100 a gallon I didn't like the burndown program still don't like burned down programs I used fairly pre-planned herbicides again some of the farmers I worked with this farmer love plant down the old row he says that rows never going to crusts never going to wash out he says those new roots are following decaying root channels down in the soil became nutrients are being picked up by the next one I said I can't drive that straight but again you'd be amazed what your planet and go through now if I had a cold around there if I had a risky move around there I'd hooked that Ridge stump I'd roll that out of there I could not do that we go for minimal soil disturbance we go let the double disc opener do the work people saying what doesn't bounce over that root ball no the depth gauge mules are on the sides cut right through it penetrates old is already seen dip who put a little extra weight on see the soil contact it's there after the rain you can't even see where the CB was again we look at minimal soil disturbance.

8:41 When it comes to planners with reference to pasture rangeland maybe you need some soul disturbance but again some people say well eliminate the bounce by plant between the roads that's the worst place to plant my opinion your last year's Rose is this place of the highest biology activity from last year why would you put next year's seed further away also why would you drive in propriety in a couple of wheel tracks the rest arose non wheel tracks the other thing is that one rows run over quite a bit you're going to wear out your tires real fast we always point down the road we never drive on the old residue we're doing row crops.

9:18 Now so that button real easy now be truthful for our corn on corn our research we just plant beside the old row again we leave our residue alone leave it standing again in my presentation on residue and I talked about handling the residue you handle the residue at harvest time this was a combine equipped with knife snap and rolls process the residue no attachments on the planner the one row in the middle there is a little stunted he's on the edge of the wheel track you really want to stun him put him in the heart of the wheel track and you're out tractor tires real fast so again for corn on corner go beside the road everything else would go right down the old row love wheat the rotation when I start looking at drilled crops when I look at narrow row crops I'm getting roots more often cover crops roots more often by logic activity more often this is the field already planted to soybeans into heavy wheat stubble this was planted in an area of the state where our soybean physiologist says you can't plant soybeans till May one for the souls aren't warm enough these we're going to tilt oils I find these on April 15th May 1 they're up and grown under it amazed when you get no-tell soil structure cold wet soils are not a problem.

10:27 Cold wet soils are a problem if I've got something here restricting infiltration Nathan showed us how water soaks in nicely structured no-tell soils that's what I have with my long term no-till sorry instead of plots 1981 1981 over pile in the fall fall chisel spring disc spring double disc no-till with row crop elevation no-till it out cultivation we didn't have herbicides back in so I want to see do I really need to cultivate well nobody cultivate anywhere they go post emerge so 2007 I took the no tail with coloration and I took the single disc and converted those to disc with cover crop no-till of cover crop so now I've got ten years of that experience as well in these same plots but when I look across this notice the tilt side the soil surface is beat down we lost pore space between the soil particles there's some seeds under crust there's some seeds and aren't going to grow some seeds advise well no-till side every beans up and growing as beans in this grain starting residue that here.

11:27 I love the residue. I love the no-till. A teaspoon full of soil from each of those plots. The no-till has good soil aggregates all the way down. Water soaks in. The till I should have put it about four inches lower for the till because it is more compact and it was a lower elevation. You see how dense that top layer is? Water doesn't soak in as nice. Again, build that soil structure from barn from Ralph dirt, what a long-term no-till soil looks like down there in South America where there's a lot of his work. They're doing two or three crops a year that live and rotate year-round, really building and feeding that soil system.

12:05 Our research farm here's a couple of visitors from United Kingdom. They asked if we're planting. Yeah, we're out today. They had to take a picture and I thought it's funny enough to take a picture of them. But again, corn residue standing up pretty tall there. I leave residue standing up right, anchored and attached. Wouldn't doesn't move it around. More importantly, I get air movement down on the soil surface. So those early spring rains, that soil surface dries out. Worst thing you do is make a mat of residue. Then you get a spring rain. When can you get back in that field? Neither is upright, anchored, attached right there. It looks like quite a bit of residue. That's about 210, 220 bushel corn residue through those plots. It's standing up, not touching the soil. Planner comes through, knocks it down, starts touching the soil.

12:47 We've heard a lot about soil biology this morning. First, I didn't have too much odor to begin with—being the engineer, I never took a soils class. Watch my long-term tillage plots the day I went out to do my spring disking in early April, grab ahold of corn stalk and pull. Grab to hold one in the no-till, pull, pull them up. Snap the picture. Which ones? Which big root ball? Is the till chilly? Just killed the soil biology. Since there's nothing there decomposing the roots, the woman's really decomposed. Ready? That's the long-term no-till. Whole body is breaking that down, segmenting in the system, making it available for her next crop. I love the soil biology. I say I didn't know that. First 10, 20 years of this project, I understand the importance of it now. Continuous no-till is what makes the system work.

13:33 That's all biology. I say the roots are breaking down the residues. Breaking down that same field I showed earlier with the standing up stalks. Here's a couple weeks later. Look how much bare soil start to show up. I have trouble keeping residue simply because the soil biology is so high digestion. It. That's what I'm looking at. Covers to grow more residue out there. So again, we think about it. This is an interesting picture. When they introduce the covers into my no-till, the plot next to it is the fall chisel. This picture is taken 2014, so this is after 34 years of fall chiseling in the spring disking versus no-till with only cover crops for the last about five years. Which one has the soil biology? No-till side does. The residue decomposing. A lot of people think you got a chilly, get rid of residue. The tillage kills the soil biology. The residue is still there. It's not breaking down because nothing's digesting it. Oh, this is Dan. Why not to do the spring disking to smooth it off so I can plant? And few weeks later that sir will ride there. You see was starting to grow and give me more some residue back. So again, that's why I start using covers. It's to feed the biology and provide more residue because the residue disappears too fast in the good system.

14:47 Now it's switch gears a little bit. Like I say, it's going to talk more about cover crops, narrower rows. Week. Whatever. As we start looking at narrowing up the rows, that's start thinking expense. Four times as many openers on that planner or drill or air seater versus the planner. We start thinking assume the old, early drills were hoe drills. They were fairly conventional until soils because we're trying to push away dry, swollen clods, trying to find moisture to plant into. As we went to no-till, this hoe buster drill, it's got that shoe opener down there, cut hammer residue, smooth, straight residue, cutting, colder to convert it to no-till. We didn't need tillage. The shank was already doing some tilly's there. There's too much tillage. We're looking drills nowadays designed for no-till or air cedars. We're going away from the shanks. We're going away for the points. We're going to scope owners. So second step cutter handle residue.

15:39 Here's a John Deere cedar designed for tilt soils taken in a no-till. Saw the first gang up front was doing a good job of cutting the residue, loose to plug the rear gangs. Again, I hate knocking the residue loose. I want an anchor detached again. We gonna start thinking about differences. And again, some of the earlier no-till attachments out there were like split colors on there. It's going to make it no-till? No, it's not. It's going to take a week tillage tool and attempt to go no-till. This is actually a producer in Australia that I visited the last few years. I've been to Brazil, Turkey, China, Australia, and looking at different forms of no-till. Again, this is one in an area of tillage. It said I can go no chill? No. This is not a no-till cedar. So again, we got to think about those steps.

16:25 Well, some companies say, well, X, beefed it up. Let's make it a heavier shank. We can handle those until soil. Now that's still a tillage to us. A chisel plow basically puts seed the soil depth control is depth. Each wheels of or the carrying wheels up front. Cross wheels and back. We don't have any independent depth control. Again, that's some of the problems when we start using tillage equipment to plant seeds. We want a cedar. When it comes to cedars, there's some all over in the market. This is from Ukraine. This is an Agri Soyuz cedar. Agar soy is like a horse Germany and agar soy is together. They're making this against a shank opener. Look how black the soil is in the background. Such as a plow, Michael horse did. Is he was selling those in Ukraine where the fields that were too rough? He says, well, we're going to smooth it out first. He sold you one and had sweeps on it, smooth the soil and the identical frame with points on it. The air meter on it. Basically tillage implement. Again, we're going away from that and again the horse.

17:26 Agri soy's that's Ukrainian therefore Edgar soy's that chisel shank Porsche. Wan would run higher speed to get some field capacity the German thinking at higher speed started throwing a lot of dirt he had to put on some heave limiters there to bring the dirt back it's too much tillage it again that's a shank problem Australian I visited a shank problem you see how much soil he's thrown up on those shanks themselves those interest in his field this is Chaya Plains it's great no tell gotta be careful a lot of people say I'm no tilling they don't understand the concepts it's sort of like me saying I'm dieting well there's good and bad he's a no tiller this is a canola wheat rotation with that shank cedar there's no soul life there's no soul Balaji there there's too much tillage this is his neighbor with the disc opener same rotation we canola rotation you can see the soil cover residue cover.

18:23 Let's get rid of the tillage in the Ukraine for a field day I did over there the first one start up the foreground there is a Great Plains drill left all the residue there next one is Concord air cedar is sweeps again the sweeps are tillage tool too much solder service next one's that horse Eggar so it's doing a little better that shanks tell us a lot of tillage what's interesting is they offer it with them without Coulter's the one on the Left there's without coal burrs one on the right is with koehlers a lot of people say why spend the money on Coleridge that shank can handle it all it's not gonna handle it in a no-till manner even with the coders it's not well the cooler does at least cuts the rezident cuts the salsa shank does less tillage and we're seeing that out of some Canadian Manufacturers their shank machine is put in colder in front so you still run their shanks they're going with a narrower shank because it doesn't have to wear as well because the Cobras taking some word tear and abuse on Stoney soles maybe it's a good thing I'm most oils and he starts thinking about soul life soul Balaji it's not a good thing so again get rid of the shanks again here's the colder up front they're such the shank runs through there press wheeling bat did proceed a sole contact doesn't do much for closing the CV but you put in a pressure on I get the seed soil contact at sea be closed the animal you start thinking across the years we've seen a lot of differences you know the old John Deere lol drills big press meals to get us good see the sole contact we're seeing smaller and smaller to be cheaper and cheaper we're seeing some going back to bigger for better seen soil contact again think of those steps on that old shant shank drill there cut some residue loose they put Walker's on to get the straw through the machine people thought about those steps all along you need to think about those steps now thing is a lot of people use those hold rails to cut down true through dry soil to find moisture if you're an area of a lot of blowing soil you put the young seedling down below would be a little protected you're putting it down below six what rainfall would come into that furrow those are all till soil problems when it comes to no-till I don't have as much blowing so cuz I have out residue there I've got moisture because I have until the rain falls gonna soak in where it lands I don't have to funnel it to my seed so again shank drills are on their way out completely go to disc drills.

20:36 Here's crust Buster drill on project worked on it in Turkey went over there and helped him in October to plant wheat and barley I'm over there in June they're taking wheat and barley off they're doing double copy again moisture conservation is vitally important look at that background there it wasn't for the pivot there they would not get that summer property in that area in the winter crop only because that's when their winter precip is I asked him wasn't very much no summer this Leon it's raining twice in the last eight years of the summer I said what I mean said between May and October zero rain I'm like hey he needs to be no talent he grinned though he says look twice was this year Mike okay but again we started thinking about minimizing soil disturbance they're going in there minimal irrigation because they're no tilling in an area that had a lot of tillage South America and the a vac opener we're seeing a lot more flexibility as we're looking at these new drills air Cedars individual openers individual down pressure individual depth control and again that costs us more still not quite 4x2 planet because the seed meters still a compromise again we gonna start thinking of those concepts now when you think about Forex what does it cost when you buy the big tractor to pull the big tillage tool then at a regular cedar I'll bet you that's already more than 4x so again that cedar may look expensive but as far as the farming system it's not this is actually the rear view of the AMEC you see how mineral soil disturbance there is they're leaving all the residue in place cross Buster whoops.

22:09 I said multiply by four when it comes to four times as many openers divided by four when it comes to residue flow this is not a drill problem this is a harvest problem you need to spread the residue at harvest time majority the residue problems I see at seeding time as they didn't spread the residue the harvest the previous crop little time spent on the combine you avoid these kind of problems so again we got to think about it multiply by four wait for penetration this is a field day I did in the early 80s this theater was selling tie drills and he says all this is a great drill it really works good you expect holders up front it's got high opener and back and he started seating and every soybeans he was on top to ground and he said no problem you tighten the down pressure Springs the down pressure Springs back there says he puts 300 pounds per row there's a 300 times 20 for openers and the 15 foot drills 7,200 pounds this is what your drill weighs about 5,000 pounds 5,000 pounds this way and 7,200 pounds of Springs pushing this way the drive wheels about that far off the ground that's when he volunteers it took.

23:11 From the audience to make it work. A dealer trying to sell no-till who didn't understand no-till, so again think about it. A different demo, this dealer understood it. Look how many weights are stacked on there, looks like a lot of weights, but when you go wait for opener, that still may not be enough for times many openers. Compare that planner, may be need for quite so much weight, so you can we gonna do that math problem. Side view of Marlys again, the colder up front, the double disc opener there, that's conventional drill converted to no-till. No spend the money to beef up the conventional drill to make it a no-till drill.

23:49 Hey Buster did that Vermeer sold this drill as well, put parallel links on like a planner, put a stagger open around there, bigger discs on there, seem to sell contact without the tillage. There's up in the price, yes, but we're getting closer to a planner when it comes to design. Cross buster, staggered disc opener, parallel legs here. This is drill we ran in for a couple of years, put in sweet we decided to buy our own.

24:15 Look at those drive wheels up front, they just barely touched the ground. Those down pressure springs in back in the drill say they can give 500 pounds per row. That happens me 22 openers on 88 space in this 22 by 8, we have 24 openers and ours 500 pounds burro times 24 openers is 12,000 pounds. This drill is only on the second notch, down pressure is 250 pounds of down pressure. At 250, I'm almost lifted the drive wheels off the ground.

24:43 We bought the crest buster, we bought a 15 footer, it weights 7,900 pounds shipping weight. Remember 24 times 5 is 12, we added over 4,000 pounds of weight to our 15 foot drill. Full set of suitcase weights there we bought a set of markers, not so much we need the markers but they weighed 800 pounds. We filled the hitch and the bar under the drill with flat steel, we weighted it down such that it's about 12,000 pounds. So again think about your down pressure, do the math problem for your seat or you have enough weight.

25:17 That old 96 crest buster in 2014 they replaced it, that 2014 ship weight was eleven thousand eight hundred. Trust buster been watching this, they filled the bars from the factory underneath, underneath added that weight. I still have put the suitcase weights on there, make sure I got enough again add weight. Here's the older drill, some extra weights there in the back, but again that cross bester opener I love that because is a double disc offset. That's the residue nicely place that seed. I'm seeing weak there into soybean residue, they're minimal soil disturbance. I like the residue on top there, hold the soil moisture there.

26:00 There's other drills designed similar, the sunflower gland all double disc opener depth control behind. Gonna be truthful when it comes to cover crops, I like that design. It's because the depth controls behind, when you start thinking about those drills, there's a lot of building weight there in the frame. You need the springs to transfer the weight to where you need it. You may still need to add some cast iron weight or some water weight. Again here's my cross buster. I like the depth wheel behind because my standing corn residue goes between the openers. It's there and a half inch spacing on 30 inch cord.

26:32 Now a lot of people say well 10 inch drill will fit on 30 inch corn, it does, except for your outside row you were on one opener there with a 15 inch gap where you're on two pairs there with an overlap. I like an even number, if I got a 30 inch rows, I need seven and a half where I can go to 15 that way my outside rows work out again. That corn residue is still standing there. This is what I started learning more about soil biology. That's about tuna bushel corn the day after harvest, I'm out there seeding the cover crop. Got out of hand, take the picture, that's why I left the door open.

27:04 This is the same field March 15th the next year. Those are Austrian winter peas growing. People look at that say hole, that doesn't look too bad, you know in a nice warm spring I get that much spring growth. I love them in a cool wet spring, I have next to no growth. I go huh, I don't know for sure what next spring is gonna give me when it comes to my overwintering cover crops. The other thing is is where a residue go. A lot of people say allow to get rid of resident, gotta go by a vertical tillage tool. I need Coulter's, I need something. I say why, says what cuts in sizes the residue, does it slows my drill, well it puts the residue in contact with the soil microbes. I said so does my drill. My drill puts a living seed in the ground to feed the soil biology and gross nitrogen here and grow some biomass here and harvest some sunlight. That's what I like the cover crops.

27:50 And again here's a project going on. Those austere and winter peas is the project starting 2005, it's a nitrogen cover crop versus a carbon cover crop being cereal rye. This picture is taken after about 10 years of that. You see where the cereal rise just breaking Durman seat on a cooler spring, this is about April 1, not much growth there yet, but look how little residue there is compared to the past next to it. That's a quorum being wheat rotation with no cover versus the corn bean wheat rotation with the covers, which one has more so apology feed that soil?

28:20 I picked up yield in my week year as well as the bean year. It's the corn year roughly staying, but you know what, there are three years out of the first twelve, enough yield create increase in corn to pay for the covers across the entire twelve years of the project. So just the fact I didn't increase my yield next year doesn't mean don't do it. Across the years it's paid for itself because I've fed the soil biology.

28:51 That same cross buster drill we see it all our wheat stubble to cover crop. That's already seen it again with def control behind it, leaves this residue standing. I love that. No RT k, no nothing, that drill just sort of follows the row, followed the combine wheel tracks. I love the covers in my weed stubble. I like diversity, I like about a 14 way mix.

29:15 Now that's planted in July. I got my two cool season grasses to warm season grasses to cool season broad leaves to warm season broad leaves. The first frost hits, the warm season shuts off, the cool season takes over to brassicas, deep tap roots to pollinators bringing the bees. My cover crop mixture is usually the leftover soybean seed, leftover Milo seed they had from crop production, but again it's a wide variety out there. Everything doesn't always grow at the same time, which is good when it comes to water use, it's good when it comes to structure, it's beautiful. Again, feeding the soil biology, we put that across all our wheat.

29:57 The next spring, hey, everything I described in my mix winter kills, no herbicide application out there planting into that, no volunteer weed. Mother Nature didn't have to start volunteer week because I had a cover growing. We have eliminated spring volunteer week because we see the cover the day the combine leaves the field. Now, if you wait two weeks, I guarantee you have volunteer week. Plant to cover the day the combine leaves the field. It all winter kills. There's my planner. Let's say you were in the early riser, you see some suitcase weed. Sit back, make sure I got the weight to penetrate. Those are beautiful jobs.

30:34 I also done some research on carbon versus nitrogen. This is a six-way legume mix, all of it frost kills—three warm season, three cool season. Looks like that when it's coming up with wheat stubble still standing there. But someone says, why, you can buy nitrogen if you need to at the coop, why not plant carbon? All right, here's a three-way mix: German foxtail millet, Milo, and BMR corn. I wanted 15-inch rows, so I put refrigerator magnets over every other opener. That's why it looks like this. Never look like this. The wheat stubble still stands and my cover's in 15-inch rows, raising a lot more carbon biomass there. That'll be truthful. I like the mix of legume and carbon. In my research, I see this one gets nitrogen deficient. I've been on next mention what I poured into that, but I put the legume in the cover. I don't need the extra nitrogen. Now, a lot of people say it's going to use a lot of moisture. This is 2012, the drought year. The rain had stopped. We harvested the wheat, I planted the cover. The cover looked like that in about a month and a half. So what about a drought and growing something feeding the soil? Think about that.

31:48 My long-term tillage spots—I said I got rid of the moldboard plow, I got rid of the single disc, I added those to cover. Here's what it looks like again. The residue still standing there with cover growing there. You can see the tillage comparisons there. The plots are smaller. They're established back in 1981 when everybody had small plots. Let's go back to Cedars. I like the double disc. I like the depth control behind. When it comes to covers, I like it when it comes to standing residue. There's a lot of single-disc out there. They're great Cedars as well. You just have to start thinking a little bit different. Depending, John Deere actually designed this as a till ground cedar. That's why there's wide depth gauge wheel on there. In fact, when it first came out, they called it the 750 and all till girl. They didn't call it a no-till drill. They had trouble saying there were no-till at that time.

32:38 That big single disc cuts the residue nicely. The seed boot back there places a seed with depth controls they're down pressures there. It's not for exact planner yet, but it's getting there. Guys who bought those first 750s had some sticker shock. They're used to lightweight drills, and here's why I don't like the depth control beside the opener. This is planting with a John Deere 750. It ran over all the residue. Now in spring planting in eastern Nebraska where my main erosion problem is rainfall, I want to flip my residue, cover the soil surface. In western Nebraska, the main erosion problem is windblown sands. I don't want my residue standing. So again, which one do you need for spring planting crops when the rains are coming? For fall-planted crops where I want to catch snowfall, which one do you need? For me, the Crust Buster works spring and fall.

33:28 Here's Morris Air Cedar. Morris Air Seed here when it comes to running over residue, there's the depth controller, the press wheel behind, and you're going like that. Leaves little residue standing. No, it doesn't gang to it. Is behind and knocks over the rest of the residue. Again, if you wanted standing residue to catch snowfall, this is not a cedar to buy. If you want a flattened residue, it's not bad. A lot of built-in weight, hydraulic down pressure. The industry's given this no-till without the tillage. This one does approach for exit planner when you started adding all this stuff on. So what do you need? The John Deere to run over less residue? Why not take 1/4 of the openers from the front, 1/4 from the back, and reverse them? This depth gauge wheel runs over the residue, puts a seat on this side. The depth gauge will on the back now is in the same place, but the seeds on the other side. You got a gap between them. There you leave residue standing. John Deere has that in their owner's manual, at least they used to, for drilling beans in the corn stalks to leave corn stalks stand and it looks something like this. Again, a little trick: if you want to rearrange your openers to leave more residue standing for snowfall or reduced blowing soil, whatever.

34:45 Paragon opener out of Brazil—disc in front, depth wheel is on one side, this can back apply. The runs over the same residue, but between the adjacent openers that leaves a residue standing. So again, rearrange the openers. This one comes in factory rearranged already. Narrow our depth gauge wheels. Narrower depth gauge wheels leave more residue standing. And there are our depth gauge feelin no-tails, probably more than enough depth control because you've got a firmer soil to start with. Show some different closing devices back there and talk a little bit more about those, but those spoke closing wheels. This is a Thompson T wheel, so by exempting chrome, was that soil in, give you a good seat to soil or closing the CV seed to soil contact there is with a.

35:29 Think it's one that pushes down on the seed similar to keep the seed firmer to get good seed-soil contact. But again, closing it with crumbling action there. Some people like that for no-till. When it comes to planting in wet conditions that's a pretty good one. When it comes to planting in dry conditions it may not be enough seating soil contact there. Depends upon you when you're doing what you're doing.

35:51 Or again, rearrange the openers and put narrow depth gauge wheels on this annoying back cedar. Looking down through there you can see how much residue is still standing. Says narrow depth gauge wheels on, you can't just reverse them. You actually have to slide them a little bit because narrow depth gauge wheels get in wrong on top. The other you have to move it over a little bit. So rather than a seven-and-a-half inch spacing, he said it's more like 5, 10, 5, 10. So the average is seven and a half, but again it leaves a lot more residue standing.

36:19 Narrow depth gauge wheels. But I'd replace your depth gauge wheels on your drill or air skater. Think about that. Sometimes you want to flatten the residue. Producer in Kansas, they met after wheat harvest. He planted a cover mix that had a lot of sorghum Sudan and some other things in it. Spring planting of soybeans, he wanted to flatten all the residue there to absorb raindrop impact, provide a mulch there. It was still standing before seeding so air could still move to the soil surface. After seeding he had protection there. Again, what's your function? What are you trying to accomplish?

36:50 Earlier I mentioned different ways of closing seed to soil contact. Here's the fin, the side view. It was one opener to put on fertilizer works summer to keep seed firmer. It's sorry, no, it's there. Give that seed soil contact. Thompson T-wheel do some crumbling there. This producer was comparing. So that's the conventional wheel over there. I see that a lot. People compare which one did they like better. Again, here is the Thompson T-wheel. That up front there. That John Deere wheel has been replaced with the narrower wheel. John Deere member was designed for tilled soil. Their press wheel originally are in on top to seed that was about inch and quarter wide until. So it worked pretty good. No-till and sometimes wrote on the side of the seed beet and did pressing the seed. So a lot of farmers bought Case IH SDX wheels that were narrower.

37:40 There's a couple aftermarket companies make narrower wheels now to push on the seed. Deere was tired of watching people do that. They came out with narrow wheel. Go ahead from an inch and quarter down to about three-quarter inch. It's still a little wide. I like the half-inch wide ones better. Yet better seed-to-soil contact. Where this producer he's got the John Deere wheel, it's on the right-hand opener there. The Case IHS the X wheel I'm the left one and opener there. You see how much narrower that Case H wheel is? He's got narrow depth gauge wheels. Leave residue standing. He's got a crumbler versus the standard case wheel. I said which do you like better? He said well, when I need extra seed the soil contact, case wheel is nice. When it's wet I like the crumbly. It's need see the phone contact. He likes narrow wheel when he's in tilled soil. He likes the lighter wheel. I'm like, how often you changing me? Because I don't.

38:32 So again, what are you in? What do you need? This is way his cedar look across the back. And it's funny to see all the different things he had across there. He's just trying to evaluate. Hey, case wheel and some of these other wheels are flexible. John Deere's on a solid rim. That flexible, it's important if you got a lot of curves and contours. The John Deere wheel, if I got a curve or contour, the openers up here, it's got the seed boot and on a curve or contour you could actually force the wheel out of the CV. But it flexes like that it stays in the CV, gives you a better sheet of soil contact. So the Martin crumbler we line backs out a little bit of wear on there. Similar than Thomson wheel. It's a little wider. The wider is a problem if you're in wet sticky clays because they'll pick up soil more. So again, what conditions are you in? The wider in a sandy soil is actually better to give you some seed-soil contact. Which do you need? But it comes these krumper wheels for planters and air cedars, the back of far magazine you see the little 2x2 add advertising. You'll see all these ads everywhere. Last count I had there's about 23 different companies selling them out there. Which one do you need? I look at where did that one come from? What conditions were they in? What are they trying to solve?

39:43 Hard Martin's from nice soils back east, plenty of rainfall. It's not a sticky clay with low organic matter. Stinky doesn't bother him. He Thompson invented the T-wheel. He's in a sticky clay, low organic matter where he first started with no-till. He's build it up. But a wide wheel like that pick up a lot of mud. His skinny wheel doesn't. So again, where are you at?

40:06 One of these openers is different. One is worn out. The rest are shot. If you're looking at picking up in a used John Deere air cedar, go to your dealer and buy a seed boot and hold next to the existing seed boots on this used one. Does he how badly they're worn? The one way on top, this is folded up. That one's worn to the point it's not time to replace. The other ones are so worn and no longer defines bottom. This evening you can't get a good seed and soul contact. Is you know I have good seed placement? So again, as you're looking at used ones, get a new boot to hold up there. Again, this is the convention John Deere. You can see how wide it is. Not gonna work real good. This is on a farm who's got about five of these. Does no-till on about a hundred thousand acres. I'm like, they need help. Again, there's some good no-till out there. There's some bad no-tillers out there. There's some are doing no-till and actually getting by quite well. I thought this one was worn out pretty bad. This is living Ukraine. I saw till I visited this guy in North Dakota. He's got rocks and stones. There's a rock there at the scratch mark on it. You see what it does? Depth gauge wheels again. Take care of your cedar. Get that seed placed.

47:34 Standing we see some people plant wheat this way as well. Again think about it, cover crops. I spray a lot of cover crops that big hill eastern Nebraska rain-fed conditions. Some years I'm worried about using too much soil moisture. People say he didn't raise any biomass. I go, I had a living room to feed the soil in the offseason. My cash crops getting planted soon after.

47:58 Now earlier I showed you some cover crop that big. Again depends if I got a warm spring or a cool spring. I'm not sure if my spring growth is going to be, but I also try to trust the weather man. Is it going to be a dry spring or a wet spring? This dry spring I kill it this size. It's going to be a wet spring I'll let it grow. So again you have to manage that cover crop.

48:20 They used to do just cereal rye. No, cereal rye Austrian winter pea mix so I get legume and carbon. I get diversity into my system, both cool-season. They're in a corn bean rotation, both warm season. I got all four types now. The fall looks like this piece come up. They're starting to send tendrils in the spring. They break dormancy and the rise break dormancy and the peas throws off to go dim. Let the peace deep said that yesterday on a little tour we had. If you plant the peas deep, the grain point, there's a growing point and every node that's below the ground level, pea look dead like that. You can see the dead part in the middle when I dug it up. Look at, there's four or three shoots coming off of this one now.

49:05 If I would have surface seeded it or broadcast seeded it, there were no nodes below the ground and it will win or kill. Plant the peas deep. When I do peas is a single species I find a four inches deep. That's my hand. You see how deep that was planted? Now that pea is just breaking dormancy. They're just starting to come up. Leave the nodules on there. It's working for me. It produced a lot of biomass but is living rich oil system helped reduce erosion.

49:34 This is Dan Gillespie's farm. Discovery sprayed out early I cover their five inch rain and may. Very little saw movement on that slope as he had roots. Their anchor the sole. He had a fed soil. He's got some residue. I've been experimenting with letting see where I grow longer. Here's an asura rye an accordion wheat rotation. The strips there in Nebraska.

49:58 I lost crop insurance on that because I plant a green Nebraska crop insurance. I have to had the cover crop killed before I plant in a cash crop. Now if I'm continuous no tiller they gave you seven days. This one was more like three weeks when I was doing my first shot around up around pretty beans is when I killed the ride. Did it hurt me? No, it actually increased yield because it held the beans back. Didn't have as much vegetation grow when I did kill it. The beans use the moisture more for reproduction than vegetative. I like that.

50:25 Without proper insurance check your crop insurance provider when you start managing these cover crops, especially on termination. Eastern Nebraska some days passed if your continuous no-till or central Nebraska cannot plant green. Western Nebraska is going to kill at least two weeks before. It varies by region.

50:45 Gave Brant his hair or I guess a little bigger than mine. This is June 15th because the rainfall he gets becomes raising biomass. He's got a lot more, but he's doing that to use water. I'm going to conserve water. How do you get more growth? Start the cover earlier.

51:02 I'm waiting after corn and being harvest. You know airplanes a lot of people think about the airplanes in Nebraska all the work we've done in to sow beans right at leaf yellow. If the seat of the ground leaves drop, that's the mulch to get up and growing. If leaves already dropping you can't get seed to soil contact. All right, leaves to start yellows a time to seed it. This happens in under irrigation. It does the next irrigation of the beans. The covers going to take off. Would be nice even works into dry land the same way in eastern Nebraska because we usually get rain. Western Nebraska not so much.

51:38 Being cover had a field day a few years ago. We're all standing out there and there's flying on. I think it's just Sara Ryan coming. I think it was and we were just all standing there wondering, is that stuff going to hurt when it hits the rye? You hardly notice the bet. You can feel but again I think you seem to what ten acres and five minutes? Something like that. You know it's nice, but again in beans this happens to be just around. There's a plot there sunhemp and some other things showing there.

52:07 Oh yeah, in the airplanes work if you get the moisture and I tell people you need to rains. Need one right away to get it germinate. Need one five days later to get the root into the soil. If you're near Guinea you control that. You're a dry lander. It's shaky there sometimes.

52:23 Here's the dry lander sandy soil flew on sale rye simple cover crop combining the beans terrorized already there. It was under the canopy so it didn't have a lot of light. There was not enough there to bother at the combine at all. Once the canopy came off the cool season kicked in. It took off growing. He grew a lot of carbon biomass there. Kept the sun and wind off the sandy soil and he's had strips where he says that's 20 acre, 20 bushel per acre better corn the next year because the sands didn't get as hot and dry just because you had covered.

52:54 Again grow some cover, keep their covered. Don't get rid of your cover. Rather than hire an airplane this guy just goes out with the high clearance spreader. Yes, he leaves the track every once in a while. He says the tracks probably they're from spraying anyway. I was a track. He's spinning on his cover crop mix again leaf yellow. He's going to do that for a couple years now. Loves it. Cheap and easy.

53:15 We got some guys actually blend their cover crop seed with their 1152. Oh you're spreading the phosphorus for next year's corn perhaps seeding the cover at the same time.

53:26 Look helicopter. We love this one. Airplane ask to return to the airport to refill throughout the middle of nowhere and you're 50 miles to the airport. It's hard to get a pilot. Well, it's the pilots doing covers 10 to 15 miles about all the way want to go now. Helicopter went out the day before the big trailer with.

53:48 Totes on each tote did 40 acres worth the seeding rate we were doing and we spent Monday and Tuesday morning spread the totes around the countryside. Tuesday new and the helicopter shows up spinner spreader there held eight hundred pounds tote. So you filled it, filled it again, filled it again and then you got in pickup, drove to the next field. He got done, he came and joined you there. Never had to go to the airport, he never landed. He set the spinner down, hovered to the side. We dumped in. We did 1,300 acres in one afternoon. Get together with some neighbors, helicopter come up for 1,300 acres. For me, my two acre plots, they won't even show up. So again, what are you trying to accomplish?

54:35 Again, leaf yellow that field in the background a bit late but it's still before leaf drop. This is one of the spreads they had. Got some turnips and radishes, some cereal rye. They tried some lentils. Lentils weren't deep enough to overwinter. Well, there's surface spread. Definitely don't do Austrian winter peas. Don't spend the money because they're surface spread and I can grow peas. Maybe a for HPV spring Pete. But again, what he's putting on, what conditions will you have? If I'm past a certain date, depends upon your area. For me in eastern Nebraska, about September 1, I stopped considering so many turnips radishes. I won't get enough growth. You start thinking about how much growth you got to tell the killing frost or killing the winter and what's your seeding is that warm season or cool season?

55:26 This is an interesting one. This is his cover coming up for snowfall. Didn't look too bad. That next screen went to spray on his cover. He spread 40 acres of cover and he's sprayed out 65 acres. This is an airplane. When the near plane hits the end of the field, me spraying for a corn borer and you have a cornfield right here and you got corn borer treated for free. You don't care, do you? He's spraying on cover crop seed and now all of a sudden you've got green, you call them weeds growing. That's what we like, the helicopter better, or a spray pilot who will fly end rows in your field such that that shutoff happens before he hits the neighbors field. Now the bad news though is he sprayed 25 extra acres from the neighbor. The other bad news is 25 acres were the seed they belong at his ground weren't there, so Stan was thin. So again, be careful and you're hiring someone. Do they know what they're doing? Research out of Missouri. Giving them credit there. Again, pilots hate doing 2 acre plots.

56:30 They put a spinner spreader on highboy. Two different high boys. They're in short corn, tall corn. Basically, they found out when you're spreading on corn you have trouble. Too many seeds hang up the world's the next storm grain. They germinate there, they dry out. Did you know good? We don't recommend it at Nebraska to fly on to corn because of that kind of problem. The other thing is it's not enough sunlight down to the so low to get up and growing. Now on their research they said they kept doing like every week the corn is drying down. You get more seeds at the ground. You get more light to the ground and they said once your dried about the ear leaf it might work. Missouri rainfall at dry land in Nebraska, by the time I get to try to the year leaf, I mean I'm out of rain to get the cover girl. So he depends beans. They found out the same thing about yellow leaf yellow the leaves time sprinted on this pictures in the green cover fire over here.

57:29 Feed corn production we got a lot in Nebraska that's a male row destructor. There's little rolling stock choppers behind those wheels as destroying the mail rose. There spreads seat in front, a little bit of tillage and the residue helps that and female in breads. There's a lot of light penetration, not much leaf there. They get seed to the ground. They're doing that because a lot of times seed corn is over fertilize and over watered because you try to protect the value of the crop by doing that. They got a nitrogen scavenger there and water scavenger there to make room for the offseason precip. The covers a no-brainer for them when it comes to protecting the environment. Now the other thing is a lot of them graze it to pick up any downed ears. The covers a no-brainer because they have more feed. Now to be truthful, our crop insurance rules in Nebraska when your crop is not yet mature, if you see the cover, you just counts with your insurance on your other crop. Seed corn fields are typically self insured by the seed company. Farmer doesn't care. So again, check with your insurance provider. Technically when we're flying covers onto soybeans at leaf yellow, probably violates insurance in some areas of the state because it's not mature yet. We just don't tell.

58:46 Again, seed current production. This was flown on about male row destruction time. Seed corn still green. The covers are starting to grow and I think rich are also from arrow seeds at harvest time. That's what his cover looked like. Again, turning the livestock out there. That's a nice crazy nitrogen scavenger to water scavenger. Again, no brainer of your see corn producer. Seen even harvest. Gandy's got attachment the goes on horn head blow it underneath the corn head. So when the corn head mulch is the seed for you. Oren so he being harvesting blown underneath the combine and the spreader mulch is it for you?

59:23 He's selling that back east where they got particularly the southern Illinois, Indiana. We got early harvest. You have enough growing season left yet, enough rainfall to get it up growing. For me in Nebraska and later harvest and dry, there's no seed to soil contact there. I'd rather wait two more days and drag the drill in the ground, get seed to soil contact. Again, depends upon your situation. The other thing is that Gandy box. If I'm doing turnips, radishes at a pound or two per acre, that's not bad. I'm doing cereal right, sixty pounds per acre. That little box there, you're stopping to often to refill the seed. What's your seeding rate? Which system are you choose? Frost seeding. It's more cat Michigan State. They like that over seeding or companion crop. They like that. Again, with their rainfall, they can get by at the.

1:00:12 Companion crop or over seeding with us, and Nebraska we cannot check with your insurance provider. The frost seeding the cool season mustards is usually what they're using to get something up and growing early. That mustard there is growing a trick soybean cyst nematode in hatching. As they say, there's a little bit right here. They find out the mustard is toxic to him. A Balaji of control soybean cyst nematode with clusters again, different uses.

1:00:38 A brown seeing cow peas in the corn after the V8 stage or growth or so. Furniture deep enough that a cover up tops not gonna hurt you too much. You got fair soil moisture holding capacity. Game does this together, the legume out there to fix the nitrogen. Does this for some higher quality grazie after harvest or for silage choppy again, that living root and diversity getting it out there.

1:01:00 Now he's built this from an old 500 planner. I actually built one for an old cycle of 92 using a buffalo toolbar and custom poster openers. I went the other direction. I'm seeing soybeans in the wheat. It's called real a cop. We're too far north for true double crop, but like a relay race, you start the one before the other is done.

1:01:21 Now what does that have to do with covers? Not much. Well, it has to do with having a living drip there year-round. When I combine the wheat, the beans already up and growing. When I combine the beans that next day, I'm seeding the weed again. I'm growing wheat and beans in an area too far north for true double crop, and I get to live drew closer to year-round.

1:01:39 Other ways is putting a cover seed on. If it gets caught in the corn world, why not put it below the corn world? This is a seed corn d Tassler. There's little rotary mowers up front. You put the Gandy unit in back. That mower there cuts the tassels off. Unless the hybrid seed corn production, you cut the tassels off and get the seed down there. The test will helps mulch it, gets the cover growing earlier.

1:02:02 This producer says after my corn pollinates, do I even need the tassel? He doesn't on his standard production corn. He tosses it mulch is his cover crop seed. Come harvest time, he's got his cover already growing. My lack of spring growth he makes it up by having follow growth. Again, what's your growing season? What are you growing? What are you trying to accomplish?

1:02:24 If you plant something like this at all, frost kills, or you have for us next spring. You got all your moisture held. So again, there's different management schemes there. Another one built dropped the seed down underneath. It doesn't get caught in the world. Now you still have to worry about light interception. So again, depends what species you're growing again. Overwintering, don't put Austin winter peas in that, nah can overwinter. What are you planning?

1:02:50 That vent elenberg, he was the first one to build 120 foot wide. There's several others out there now you can rely on and hurry putting the cover on getting to blow the world.

1:03:01 Daaamn Berkey, he loves this one. He says he's got ten foot of clearance there, and the boom is actually fourteen foot above the crop. I grew up in northeast Nebraska where we farmed some thirty percent slopes. I would love to see that stuck around a 30 percent slope.

1:03:19 The other thing is look at, he's got an ear boom that releases it at the boom itself. When it comes to interception in the world, when it comes to the interception of the leaves, it's the same as an airplane. I think he built this. Just say he built it. I've never met him. Yeah, it's fun to see it coming down the road. He actually lowers it down for going down the road. You see how about cylinders in there.

1:03:44 Hagee, you got a hege sprayer for about 43 to $50,000. You can put a cover crop cedar on there. That's extra. You have to already own the sprayer. But again, air distribution of boom up front and soybeans at yellows, same thing with corn or maybe you're out there putting on fertilizer for next year's crop.

1:04:06 This is Bryce neighbor up near lb in Nebraska. He's got an exact system on there put in anhydrous to put out nitrogen first corn. He's got ammonium thiosulfate. He says with C box they're in between. I think, but I've a cover crop seed, or if he's seeding wheat, you put sweet seed. And their inputs as fertilizers are all in one pass. He's doing it because he's got that Hotel over there seed already.

1:04:32 Again, think flexibility, think about multiple applications when you start looking at these things. Or in southern Iowa, not uncommon to mix that were crop seed with your dry fertilizer. When you spread the fertilizer for next year's crop, you spend the cover on.

1:04:49 Now this happens be just actually fertilizing alfalfa here. But where they're doing it, they're spreading it like the day after harvest. Hope there's enough rainfall to get it activated. In southern Iowa, there might be enough growing season. There might be. For me in eastern Nebraska, a little further north, a little less rain, I won't do this. Again, it's an option for some of you perhaps.

1:05:08 Michigan's done a lot of work with manure mix the cover crops heat with the manure as you're injecting the manure or spread the manure. Seed your covers. The cover now is going to be a growing route to use the nutrients to reduce nutrient runoff from the covers. In Pennsylvania, actually gave me a cost share to do that because we never run off from all our dairies. Hess happens to be a major problem. Their surface waters, but if you got a plant picking it up, but the biology performance, I'm going to run off. So again, some options perhaps.

1:05:39 Now the bad news is it depends how you're putting on the manure. You know, here's one with an airway system. That Airways system does a lot of tillage. Does louse all disturbance. I see some guys doing covers with turbo tills, vertical tillage tools. Same thing, you're doing a lot of soul disturbance in the exact soil layer you don't want to disturb. The interface between air and soil, that's from logical life is.

1:06:03 Now the good news is on this one is the local county board that requires incorporation of manure for odor control accepts an airway. Now when it comes for tillage for motor control, airway is not near as bad as the chisel plow. The one comes to slow life, it's still bad.

1:06:21 Again, what's your local rules and regulations? Here's the inter-system inject the manure, lots less soil disturbance. Get the seed in the ground, seed to soil contact. The covers narrower on rows still works for cover to get a living road out there. Livestock, holly manure—you can't mix it seed enough, you can't get uniformity enough. Well, we've got a lot of guys doing covers with manure again because of the runoff concerns, because of the nutrients concerns.

1:06:53 Here's a producer who put in wheat just so he had some place to spread his manure. He spread the manure, herald it, and then seeded the cover to grow something there and have a living right there and to use some of those nutrients. This is an area of the state there's not a lot wheat grown. We actually have a processor in northeast Nebraska that raises hay there chickens to have lane things. They paid farmers to raise oats just so they have some places to spread manure in the summer. Again, a no-brainer—put cover on that, prevented planted acres, flat land too wet. Better living road out there, grow some residue out there. Wasn't a crop there this year.

1:07:36 Similar might be you already have your crop planted and you get hailed out. Grow something there to get a liver in it there, grow something there to use up the nutrients that you applied for your cash crop. Three carries down a lot of work in Nebraska on hail from hill outs. What do I plant? Word of caution: if your livestock grazer, you have to really look at that herbicide label, what you put on for that property. You just plant it as a for instance. Actually, it's cheap and easy for corn. I've seen restriction label on replant—is you can only do corn, Milo, or forage sorghum for the first year. I plant something else there and I expect to graze it, you just violated the herbicide label because there could be herbicide residual in whatever you grazed. Now, EPA stand is that's a major no-no.

1:08:25 Now, planting the cover, just let it grow as a cover. EPA stand is you took your own risk and seeding that you can't go after the chemical company if your cover doesn't come up. Does EPA doesn't have enough to police true label, but they will police it as far as food grazie. Yeah, depends how much your neighbor likes you. Again, prevented planning. Another ploy.

1:08:51 Granted planning the river basically out of its banks in 2011, the summer with all the rains from someplace in South Dakota clear down to Missouri. This is in eastern Nebraska. The water was there for about four months. It was not pretty. Think about solar life, soil biology. It was not pretty near to chemo.

1:09:18 John Wilson worked with a producer. Their first column, no cover irrigated corn. The next year we planted into that field that happens under water—210 bushel corn. When he went out in early March and seeded oats just to wake up the soul, Balaji, feed the mycorrhizae—241 bushels. For just a little bit oats, he picked up 30 bushel corn because he woke up the soil, feed the soil biology. Oats P mix thinking in guro some nitrogen, not enough. He'll be increased to pay for the peas again. Feed the soil, Balaji, wake up that soil, get the living road out there.

1:09:54 Close on some more seeding equipment. Earlier I talked about planner and for extra cedar. This one is about 10x for the cedar. This is a serious no-till system. If you're not seeing a pioneer drill, later is renamed the yield or drill. They went to a wheat fell rotation areas and went no-till, conserved water, went continues crop. The double yield—that's why they called it yielder. Serious no-till, large double disc opener upfront, place the fertilizer. They had an Andrew Cole flow liquid of dry on this drill. Perry wheat grows and back. How donk down pressure and each said openers that yield or drill. I'm surprised no-till cedar have ever seen.

1:10:43 Here's a rear view. You sell all your tillage equipment, so all your tractors to pull each other's coming, because you need to pay for this sucker. 20 foot wide, took 500 horsepower to pool because of the weight. That 20 foot wide drill cost $180,000 in 1981. Today's dollars, I have no idea what it is, because the company quit making it. You know what? They targeted ten thousand acre producers, 20 foot wide at eight to ten mile an hour with a lot of six crop rotation—maybe spring wheat, corn, Milo, sunflowers, winter, we, whatever six crops you can grow in your area and sell. Now at 20 foot wide, 10 mon, are you cover 2,000 acres? I just five crops, it's ten thousand acres. One drill, one tractor, one driver.

1:11:51 At $180,000 on a per acre basis and systems approaches, one of cheapest pharmacist you ever seen—$18.00 name I had the tractor, 25 dollars an acre or whatever you ran a drill two years. You got to give it back two years. This one was paid for diversity, comprotation. Think about it now as you're sitting there. I did this in one meeting. I had a full-time room back, raise his hand, say I'm no tilling from $60. $60—what attachment to D by? What do you by? Citizens approached no-till $60. One visited him. The planner was $60 on a farm sale. Okay, he says that run our planet, cut the first stick a residue, stay off the old row. They can't penetrate the soil to desired seating depth. Loans loose soybean mellow brown. It could. He'd get seed to soil contact. He thought about those steps. He's no tilling into soybean residue, and it's because his conservation plan in 1985 said he has to no-till in the bean residue to have erosion under control with his terraces with the zelf Alfred rotation with his waterways. He didn't need to know tell every acre. Now he thought about the no-tell concepts. He's not getting the soil structure benefits because he's not continuous no-till, but he's thought about the steps, thought about a conservation systems approach with diversity rotation. Whatever I throw that out.

1:13:24 Not so much remote no tale, but to think systems approach. But I can also guarantee you are somewhere between 60 dollars for that planner or 180 thousand dollars for 20 foot wide, you're somewhere between that. You make the decisions what you need. But that.